Harry Lillis "Bing" Crosby Jr. (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American singer, comedian and actor. The first multimedia star, Crosby was a leader in record sales, radio ratings, and motion picture grosses from 1931 to 1954. His early career coincided with recording innovations that allowed him to develop an intimate singing style that influenced many male singers who followed him, including Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, Dick Haymes, and Dean Martin. Yank magazine said that he was "the person who had done the most for the morale of overseas servicemen" during World War II. In 1948, American polls declared him the "most admired man alive", ahead of Jackie Robinson and Pope Pius XII. Also in 1948, Music Digest estimated that his recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music. Crosby won an Oscar for Best Actor for his role as Father Chuck O'Malley in the 1944 motion picture Going My Way and was nominated for his reprise of the role in The Bells of St. Mary's opposite Ingrid Bergman the next year, becoming the first of six actors to be nominated twice for playing the same character. In 1963, Crosby received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award. He is one of 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the categories of motion pictures, radio, and audio recording. He was also known for his collaborations with longtime friend Bob Hope, starring in the Road to... films from 1940 to 1962. Crosby influenced the development of the postwar recording industry. After seeing a demonstration of a German broadcast quality reel-to-reel tape recorder brought to America by John T. Mullin, he invested $50,000 in a California electronics company called Ampex to build copies. He then convinced ABC to allow him to tape his shows. He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape. Through the medium of recording, he constructed his radio programs with the same directorial tools and craftsmanship (editing, retaking, rehearsal, time shifting) used in motion picture production, a practice that became an industry standard. In addition to his work with early audio tape recording, he helped to finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, and co-owned the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team.
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Biography from TMDB.
- May 3, 1903
- October 14, 1977 (aged 74)
- Tacoma, Washington, USA
- Actor, also producer
- 67 on MovieCove · 142 credits in all
What are Bing Crosby's films like?
Across their 53 MovieCove titles with a thematic analysis, their films lean Bonds and Self.
Genres
Their MovieCove films by primary genre. The badge is the typical Midcredits score of the genre's films, the median percentile; an up arrow marks a genre at or above their average across these genres.
Themes
What they feel like to watch
Ironic 2 · Wry 2 · Earnest 48
Light 39 · Serious 8 · Dark 6
A split, not a type: Grounded 30 · Stylized 18 · Heightened 5
Gentle 34 · Charged 15 · Intense 4
Steady 35 · Shifting 17 · Whiplash 1
Straight-faced 13 · Some laughs 23 · Funny 17
A split, not a type: Slow burn 28 · Even-paced 25 · Relentless 0
Casual 43 · Engaged 10 · Full focus 0
Easy watch 39 · Affecting 8 · Heavy 6
Resolved 46 · Open-ended 6 · Ambiguous 1
Roles they play
Usually the Hero: 20 of 32 analyzed roles.
Show the 32 rolesHide the roles
- Heroas Professor Frederick Danvers in College Humor (1933)
- Allyas Paul Lawton in She Loves Me Not (1934)
- Heroas Jeff Larabee in Rhythm on the Range (1936)
- Heroas Tony Marvin in Waikiki Wedding (1937)
- Heroas Denny Martin in East Side of Heaven (1939)
- Heroas Buzz Blackwell in If I Had My Way (1940)
- Heroas Bob Sommers in Rhythm on the River (1940)
- Heroas Joshua 'Josh' Mallon V in Road to Singapore (1940)
- Heroas Chuck Reardon in Road to Zanzibar (1941)
- Heroas Jim Hardy in Holiday Inn (1942)
- Tricksteras Jeff Peters in Road to Morocco (1942)
- Heroas Daniel Decatur Emmett in Dixie (1943)
- Heroas Father Chuck O'Malley in Going My Way (1944)
- Heroas Father Chuck O'Malley in The Bells of St. Mary's (1945)
- Heroas Duke Johnson in Road to Utopia (1945)
- Shapeshifteras Johnny Adams in Blue Skies (1946)
- Heroas Dr. James 'Jim' Pearson in Welcome Stranger (1947)
- Heraldas Bud Pollard (narrator/director) in The Road to Hollywood (1947)
- Heroas Bing Crosby (as himself in compiled shorts) in The Road to Hollywood (1947)
- Heroas Joe Mulqueen in Top o' the Morning (1949)
- Heroas Hank Martin in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949)
- Heroas Peter 'Pete' Garvey in Here Comes the Groom (1951)
- Tricksteras Peter 'Pete' Garvey in Here Comes the Groom (1951)
- Allyas George Cochran in Road to Bali (1952)
- Heroas Bob Wallace in White Christmas (1954)
- Shadowas Frank Elgin in The Country Girl (1954)
- Shapeshifteras C. K. Dexter-Haven in High Society (1956)
- Mentoras Father Conroy in Say One for Me (1959)
- Heroas Harry Turner in The Road to Hong Kong (1962)
- Tricksteras Allen A. Dale in Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964)
- Mentoras Doc Josiah Boone in Stagecoach (1966)
- Allyas Self (archive footage) in Hollywood Ghosts & Gravesites (2003)
Moods and endings
- Happy37
- Bittersweet9
- Tragic3
- Ambiguous3
- Cyclical1
AI-generated from each title's plot synopsis and cast list, with extra plot summaries, reviews and Parents Guide notes for titles the model may not know, and the model's own knowledge of the ones it recognizes. Only analyzed titles count, so this covers part of the filmography; the feel axes count films only for now.
Where can I watch Bing Crosby's films?
As of October 24, 2026, 22 of their 67 MovieCove titles stream on a subscription or free service, most on Tubi (13).
- The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) · actor · free
- The Great Santini (1979) · producer · free
- My Favorite Brunette (1947) · actor · free
- The Princess and the Pirate (1944) · actor · free
- They Got Me Covered (1943) · actor · free
- Road to Bali (1952) · actor, producer · free
- Voyage of the Yes (1973) · producer · free
- Alias Jesse James (1959) · actor · free
- Willard (1971) · producer · free
- Ben (1972) · producer · free
- Reaching for the Moon (1930) · actor · free
- The Hanged Man (1974) · producer · free
- +1 more
- Paper Moon (1973) · thanks
- White Christmas (1954) · actor
- Holiday Inn (1942) · actor
- Going My Way (1944) · actor
- The Princess and the Pirate (1944) · actor
- They Got Me Covered (1943) · actor
- Road to Bali (1952) · actor, producer
- Voyage of the Yes (1973) · producer · free
- Stagecoach (1966) · actor
- Willard (1971) · producer
- The Hanged Man (1974) · producer
- The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) · actor · free
- My Favorite Brunette (1947) · actor · free
- The Princess and the Pirate (1944) · actor · free
- They Got Me Covered (1943) · actor · free
- Road to Bali (1952) · actor, producer · free
- The Greatest Show on Earth (1952) · actor · free
- Alias Jesse James (1959) · actor · free
- Ben (1972) · producer · free
Subscription and free streaming for Bing Crosby's titles on MovieCove; rent and buy are not counted. Titles are listed by Midcredits score, highest first, at most 12 per service; a dashed chip is a producer credit or a minor one, such as a thanks. A service opens the browse page, which counts movies only, so its number can differ.
Filmography
142 credits, 67 with a MovieCove page; 103 appearances as themselves are hidden until asked for.

Twiggy(2024)
Midcredits score: 82nd percentile of all films
Howard(2018)
Midcredits score: 93rd percentile of all films
Stan Ridgway's Holiday In Dirt (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(2005)

Bing Crosby: Legends in Concert (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(2004)

Walt Disney's Fables - Vol.1 (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(2003)

'White Christmas': A Look Back with Rosemary Clooney (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(2000)

Classic Commercials: Volume 3 (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1998)

Christmas Unwrapped: The History of Christmas (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1997)

Silent Night (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1996)

Good King Wenceslas (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1996)

White Christmas(1995)
Midcredits score: 16th percentile of all films (provisional, few ratings)
Midcredits score: 90th percentile of all films
Shanks for the Memory (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1994)

Tenderness (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1985)
Midcredits score: 75th percentile of all films (provisional, few ratings)
Disney's Halloween Treat(1984)
Midcredits score: 94th percentile of all films
The Hollywood Clowns (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1979)

The Great Santini(1979)
Midcredits score: 83rd percentile of all films
Mean Dog Blues (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1978)

A Real American Hero(1978)
Midcredits score: 27th percentile of all films
Halloween Hall o' Fame (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1977)
Midcredits score: 35th percentile of all films
Midcredits score: 86th percentile of all films
Special Delivery(1976)
Midcredits score: 37th percentile of all films
Part 2: Walking Tall(1975)
Midcredits score: 42nd percentile of all films
Midcredits score: 58th percentile of all films
The Hanged Man(1974)
Midcredits score: 20th percentile of all films
Bing Crosby's Sun Valley Christmas Show (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1973)

Arnold(1973)
Midcredits score: 43rd percentile of all films
Paper Moon(1973)
Midcredits score: 99th percentile of all films
Terror in the Wax Museum(1973)
Midcredits score: 16th percentile of all films
Voyage of the Yes(1973)
Midcredits score: 58th percentile of all films
Walking Tall(1973)
Midcredits score: 75th percentile of all films
Ben(1972)
Midcredits score: 24th percentile of all films
You'll Like My Mother(1972)
Midcredits score: 64th percentile of all films
Dr. Cook's Garden (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1971)

Willard(1971)
Midcredits score: 48th percentile of all films
Swing Out, Sweet Land(1970)
Midcredits score: 75th percentile of all films
White Christmas (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1968)

The Danny Thomas Hour (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1967)

Stagecoach(1966)
Midcredits score: 48th percentile of all films
Cinerama's Russian Adventure (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1966)

Calder (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1966)

The Bing Crosby Show (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1964)

Robin and the 7 Hoods(1964)
Midcredits score: 60th percentile of all films
The Sound of Laughter (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1963)
Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1963)

The Road to Hong Kong(1962)
Midcredits score: 54th percentile of all films
Ben Casey (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1961)

Big Night Out: The Peggy Lee Show (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1961)

Pepe(1960)
Midcredits score: 35th percentile of all films
High Time (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1960)

Let's Make Love(1960)
Midcredits score: 59th percentile of all films
Lifetime of Comedy (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1960)

Say One for Me(1959)
Midcredits score: 28th percentile of all films
Alias Jesse James(1959)
Midcredits score: 58th percentile of all films
Man on Fire (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1957)

High Society(1956)
Midcredits score: 77th percentile of all films
Anything Goes (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1956)

High Tor (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1956)

Showdown at Ulcer Gulch (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1956)

The Phil Silvers Show (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1955)

The Country Girl(1954)
Midcredits score: 85th percentile of all films
White Christmas(1954)
Midcredits score: 92nd percentile of all films
Little Boy Lost (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1953)

Scared Stiff(1953)
Midcredits score: 61st percentile of all films
Off Limits (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1952)

Road to Bali(1952)
Midcredits score: 62nd percentile of all films
Just for You (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1952)

Son of Paleface(1952)
Midcredits score: 75th percentile of all films
Midcredits score: 60th percentile of all films
Angels in the Outfield(1951)
Midcredits score: 85th percentile of all films
Here Comes the Groom(1951)
Midcredits score: 51st percentile of all films
America Applauds: An Evening for Richard Rodgers (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1951)

Mr. Music (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1950)

The Jack Benny Program (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1950)

Riding High (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1950)

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1949)
Midcredits score: 72nd percentile of all films
Top o' the Morning(1949)
Midcredits score: 44th percentile of all films
Down Memory Lane (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1949)
Midcredits score: 61st percentile of all films
The Emperor Waltz (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1948)

Road to Rio (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1947)

Variety Girl(1947)
Midcredits score: 58th percentile of all films
Welcome Stranger(1947)
Midcredits score: 74th percentile of all films
My Favorite Brunette(1947)
Midcredits score: 72nd percentile of all films
Abie's Irish Rose (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1946)

Blue Skies(1946)
Midcredits score: 59th percentile of all films
Road to Utopia(1945)
Midcredits score: 87th percentile of all films
The Bells of St. Mary's(1945)
Midcredits score: 87th percentile of all filmsWe've Got Another Bond to Buy (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1945)

Hollywood Victory Caravan (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1945)

Duffy's Tavern (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1945)

Out of This World(1945)
Midcredits score: 51st percentile of all films
The Great John L. (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1945)

Here Come the Waves (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1944)
Midcredits score: 72nd percentile of all filmsThe Road to Victory (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1944)

Going My Way(1944)
Midcredits score: 79th percentile of all films
Dixie(1943)
Midcredits score: 48th percentile of all films
They Got Me Covered(1943)
Midcredits score: 65th percentile of all films
Road to Morocco(1942)
Midcredits score: 83rd percentile of all films
Holiday Inn(1942)
Midcredits score: 87th percentile of all films
My Favorite Blonde(1942)
Midcredits score: 79th percentile of all films
Star Spangled Rhythm (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1942)

Birth of the Blues (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1941)

Road to Zanzibar(1941)
Midcredits score: 74th percentile of all films
Rhythm on the River(1940)
Midcredits score: 73rd percentile of all films
If I Had My Way(1940)
Midcredits score: 40th percentile of all films
Road to Singapore(1940)
Midcredits score: 70th percentile of all films
The Star Maker (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1939)

East Side of Heaven(1939)
Midcredits score: 61st percentile of all films
Paris Honeymoon (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1939)

Sing, You Sinners (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1938)

Doctor Rhythm (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1938)

Double or Nothing (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1937)

Waikiki Wedding(1937)
Midcredits score: 32nd percentile of all films
Pennies from Heaven (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1936)

Rhythm on the Range(1936)
Midcredits score: 57th percentile of all films
Anything Goes (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1936)

The Big Broadcast of 1936 (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1935)

Two for Tonight (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1935)

Mississippi (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1935)

Here Is My Heart (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1934)

She Loves Me Not(1934)
Midcredits score: 35th percentile of all films
We're Not Dressing (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1934)

Going Hollywood (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1933)

Please (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1933)

Too Much Harmony (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1933)

College Humor(1933)
Midcredits score: 27th percentile of all films
Sing, Bing, Sing (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1933)

The Big Broadcast(1932)
Midcredits score: 69th percentile of all films
Billboard Girl (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1932)
Dream House (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1932)

One More Chance (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1931)

Blue of the Night (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1931)

I Surrender Dear (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1931)

Confessions of a Co-Ed (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1931)

Reaching for the Moon(1930)
Midcredits score: 23rd percentile of all films
Two Plus Fours (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1930)

King of Jazz (not in the MovieCove catalog yet)(1930)
Career shape
Star power in the 99th percentile of 239,109 people with a billed film role, over a full career of 131 titles from 1930 to 2025; peak year 1961.

Biggest box office
The Bells of St. Mary's (1945)

Highest rated
Disney's Halloween Treat (1984)

Most popular right now
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Film career
Peak 1961 · fewer prominent film roles lately. Top draw in 17 MovieCove titles. Film roles by billing, audience size and rating; 25+ votes. A show carries a single first-air date, so shows are not on the curve.
- 1930Screen debut· King of Jazz
- 1940First top-billed film· Road to Singapore
- 1954Career best· White Christmas
Billing
Counts from TMDB across their full career, self appearances out; a title counts in every role they held on it. The ring is the typical Midcredits score (the median percentile) of the role's titles that are on MovieCove, shown from 5 scored. Billing is TMDB cast order for roles with 25+ votes, billed in the top 30; the columns are the share of top-billed roles in each era, 5-year spans from the year on the label, merged until each holds at least 5 roles.
How do Bing Crosby's films land?
Their typical MovieCove film has a Midcredits score in the 61st percentile, the median of all 67; across their 53 films with reception data, the typical film sits in the 59th percentile for acclaim.
- 75th and up21
- 50th to 74th26
- 25th to 49th15
- Below 25th5
Shape of the crowd
37 of their 67 titles are Crowd Pleasers.
- Universally Loved7
- Crowd Pleaser37
- Broadly Agreed5
- Mixed18
Reviewers score the acting 67/100 in their films, across 48 reviewed titles; fans 76, detractors 43. The element that speaks to their work as an actor.
Percentiles are each film's standing among all films on MovieCove; the typical film is the median, so one outlier cannot drag it. Percentiles and reviewer scores count the films IMDb credits them on, for now; the Midcredits score bands, the shape of the crowd and the two cards count their MovieCove titles, shows included (a show ranked among shows), appearances as themselves left out. A descriptor is the shape of a title's IMDb rating distribution against the catalog; "most divisive" needs a spread wider than half of all titles, and a card names only a principal credit: a craft role, and on a show a crew role or a run of episodes, never a courtesy credit or a one-off guest spot.
Is Bing Crosby's work okay for kids?
Across up to 9 MovieCove titles with content scores, violence & gore, sex & nudity, profanity and frightening / intense run lighter than most films.
Severity 0–100 from the Content Guide. Categories with under 10 votes on a title are not counted. The band's colour is the severity of their median, named beside it.
Who does Bing Crosby work with?
People who share at least 2 of Bing Crosby's MovieCove titles, grouped by what they did on them; Charles A. Pratt shares the most, 12.
Directors
- David ButlerShared titles: Road to Morocco (1942), If I Had My Way (1940), East Side of Heaven (1939)See all 3 shared titles with David Butler

- Victor SchertzingerShared titles: Road to Zanzibar (1941), Rhythm on the River (1940), Road to Singapore (1940)See all 3 shared titles with Victor Schertzinger

- Clyde GeronimiShared titles: Disney's Halloween Treat (1984), The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)See all 2 shared titles with Clyde Geronimi

- Jack KinneyShared titles: Disney's Halloween Treat (1984), The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)See all 2 shared titles with Jack Kinney

Writers
- Frank ButlerShared titles: Road to Bali (1952), Welcome Stranger (1947), Going My Way (1944), Road to Morocco (1942), Road to Zanzibar (1941), Road to Singapore (1940), Waikiki Wedding (1937), College Humor (1933)See all 8 shared titles with Frank Butler

- Claude BinyonShared titles: Pepe (1960), Dixie (1943), Holiday Inn (1942), College Humor (1933)See all 4 shared titles with Claude Binyon
- Barney DeanShared titles: Dixie (1943), Road to Morocco (1942), Road to Zanzibar (1941), Road to Singapore (1940)See all 4 shared titles with Barney Dean
- Don HartmanShared titles: Road to Morocco (1942), Road to Zanzibar (1941), Road to Singapore (1940), Waikiki Wedding (1937)See all 4 shared titles with Don Hartman
Actors
- Dorothy LamourShared titles: Hollywood Ghosts & Gravesites (2003), Road to Bali (1952), Variety Girl (1947), Road to Utopia (1945), Dixie (1943), Road to Morocco (1942), Road to Zanzibar (1941), Road to Singapore (1940)See all 8 shared titles with Dorothy Lamour

- Bob HopeShared titles: The Road to Hong Kong (1962), Road to Bali (1952), Variety Girl (1947), Road to Utopia (1945), Road to Morocco (1942), Road to Zanzibar (1941), Road to Singapore (1940)See all 7 shared titles with Bob Hope

- Bo SvensonShared titles: Final Chapter: Walking Tall (1977), Special Delivery (1976), Part 2: Walking Tall (1975)See all 3 shared titles with Bo Svenson

- Bruce GloverShared titles: Final Chapter: Walking Tall (1977), Part 2: Walking Tall (1975), Walking Tall (1973)See all 3 shared titles with Bruce Glover

Composers and cinematographers
- Robert Emmett DolanShared titles: White Christmas (1954), Top o' the Morning (1949), Welcome Stranger (1947), Blue Skies (1946), The Bells of St. Mary's (1945), Going My Way (1944), Dixie (1943), Holiday Inn (1942)See all 8 shared titles with Robert Emmett Dolan
- Victor YoungShared titles: The Country Girl (1954), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949), Road to Morocco (1942), Road to Zanzibar (1941), Rhythm on the River (1940), Road to Singapore (1940)See all 6 shared titles with Victor Young

- Walter ScharfShared titles: A Real American Hero (1978), Final Chapter: Walking Tall (1977), Part 2: Walking Tall (1975), Walking Tall (1973), Ben (1972)See all 5 shared titles with Walter Scharf

- Lionel LindonShared titles: Top o' the Morning (1949), Variety Girl (1947), Welcome Stranger (1947), Road to Utopia (1945), Going My Way (1944)See all 5 shared titles with Lionel Lindon

Producers
- Charles A. PrattShared titles: The Great Santini (1979), A Real American Hero (1978), Final Chapter: Walking Tall (1977), Special Delivery (1976), Part 2: Walking Tall (1975), The Reincarnation of Peter Proud (1975), Arnold (1973), Terror in the Wax Museum (1973), Walking Tall (1973), Ben (1972), You'll Like My Mother (1972), Willard (1971)See all 12 shared titles with Charles A. Pratt
- Buddy G. DeSylvaShared titles: Road to Utopia (1945), Going My Way (1944), Dixie (1943), Road to Morocco (1942)See all 4 shared titles with Buddy G. DeSylva
- Paul JonesShared titles: Road to Utopia (1945), Dixie (1943), Road to Morocco (1942), Road to Zanzibar (1941)See all 4 shared titles with Paul Jones
- William LeBaronShared titles: Road to Zanzibar (1941), Rhythm on the River (1940), Road to Singapore (1940), College Humor (1933)See all 4 shared titles with William LeBaron

Mixed roles
- Campbell GrantShared titles: Disney's Halloween Treat (1984), The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)See all 2 shared titles with Campbell Grant
- Robert L. WelchShared titles: Top o' the Morning (1949), Variety Girl (1947)See all 2 shared titles with Robert L. Welch






